The Role of Economic Resources in the Marital Adjustment of Women

INTRODUCTION				1036
Marital harmony is the globally				Low Income
important social phenomenon, which plays vital role in
our life. Successful marital relationship based on many				95
factors but economic resources are considered to be				45.38
most essential. Various studies have been				14
conducted on this issue Behnke & Mcdermind,				Medium Income
(2004) studied economic factor in relation to family
well-being e.g Voyandoff (1990) studied economic				62
distress and family relations. Ross & Mirowsky				41.64
(1992) and Yadollahi (2009) studied that employment of				15
spouses and the sense of control in various types of				High Income
stressors of marital life. Diener and Diener (2001)
investigated that wealth is related to many positive				43
outcomes in life. Jorgensen & Butler (2010)				33.69
reported various ethical issues among the couples with				11.75
reference to their psychological conflicts other than				Table 4 shows one-way analysis of variance
economic.				(ANOVA) of the sample data of 200 women, their
Many researchers have				income is divided into low, medium and as well as high
concluded the negative effects of economic hardship				income. It shows the significant difference among three
on marital quality and stability (e.g. Voydanoff, 1990;				groups (f=10.36;df=199;p<0.001).
Oggins, 2003; Miller et al., 2003). Gudmunson et al
(2007) found, economic strain is directly linked to				Discussion
increase couple disagreements. Kerkmann,				Present study aimed at to explore
Thomas, Jean, & Scot's study (as cited in Pimentel				the relationship between marital adjustment and
2009) reported that financial problems significantly				economic resources. It was hypothesized that the
contributed to lower reported marital satisfaction				workingwomen have better economic resources as
among married couples. Economic strain is directly				compared to non-working women. Moreover, the
linked to increased couple disagreements and has				study also investigated the difference between marital
direct impact on marital adjustment (Kinnunen and				adjustment of working and non-working women.
Feldt, 2004).All these findings are likely to reflect the				Results support the hypothesis.
fact that financial issues are a frequent trigger point for				The results of a t-test reveals that
conflict among the couples led to more frequent				significant differences exists between the economic
fights and decrease in marital harmony (Gudmunson et				resources of working and non-working women
al., 2007). Study performed by Brody et al (1994) has				(t=9.645; df =198; p<0.001). Mean score of working
proved that family income was associated with higher				and non-working women are differ as mean score of
marital happiness and lower marital conflict. Similarly,				working women on economic resources was
the study by Amato & Rogers (1997)				M=33.3(SD=11.4) and mean score of non-working
demonstrated that a low husband's income and				women was M=49.9(SD=12.7). Thus workingwomen
employment factor is a significantly associated with				have better economic resources to fulfill their
marital problems and low marital quality and it				requirements. It reduces their life stresses and intern
increases the likelihood of marital disruption (South and				effects their marital happiness and satisfaction. It
Spitz, 1986). Looking the research findings it is				concludes that workingwomen are to more satisfied
reasonable to hypothesized that financial satisfaction				and martially adjusted as compared to non-working
and marital satisfaction is directly correlated (Miller's				women. Study also concludes that workingwomen
study as cited in Frisby, 2007). Recent study by Nunes,				have better economic resources because both
(2008) also proves that marital satisfaction is mainly				husband and wife earn more money as compared to
associated with economic factor.				non-working women. Study confirms the finding of
In a recent Mori survey, 35				Ayub & Iqbal ( 2009) who concluded that;
percent of women and 26 percent of men agreed				people with higher income felt happier, more satisfied
that the economic downturn had "reduced the quality				and adjusted with their lives, have a better lifestyle
of their marriage" (Government Equalities Office, 2009).				through greater leisure opportunities improved nutritional
Another study supported the relationship between				intake, better access to health services and improved
finances and marital satisfaction by identifying that 15%				living environment through better housing. Present
of marital satisfaction was predicted by financial				study showed significant relationship between finance
factors (Kerkmann, Thomas,Lown, &Allgood				and happily married relationships which resembles to
,2000). Survey conducted by Frisby (2007) also shows				the study of Washburn, Carolyn., & Christensen
that family income affect the degree of marital				(2008).
satisfaction.				Working and non-working
Researchers sought to define and				women responded differently on the sub scale of
identify causal relationships between economic stress				economic resources of MAS-U. The high score on the
and relationships between husband and wife and				scale showed that the subject has some economic
parent and child. James( 2009)proposed a "family				problems. In this research score of workingwomen on
stress model" in which economic pressures cause				economic resources was low that indicates they have
adults emotional distress, which disrupts both the				less economic problems and thus more martially
marital relationship and parenting. Marshall and				adjusted. Score of non-working women was high
colleagues (1997); Zedlewski (2002); Behnke &				that reveals they are facing stress due to economic
Mcdermind (2004) found that low family income and				and consequently enjoying less marital happiness. On
limited benefits not only have bad effect on mutual				the other hand low marital adjustment of non working
relations of couples but it also has negative influences				women proposed that economic hardships and decline
on child and family well-being. Jacobs & Silverberb				in marital satisfaction are mediated through economic
(2002) found Maternal disclosure of financial concerns				pressure, which produces emotional distress and
is related to difficulties in adolescent daughters'				negative marital interaction patterns. Conger (1990)
adjustment and such disclosure acts as a mediator in				also supported the results. The economic pressure is
the relationship between family financial hardship and				related to the emotional distress husbands and wives
adolescent daughters' adjustment in a sample of 62				felt, which, in turn, gave rise to more negatively and
adolescent girls and their recently divorced mothers.				conflict in the marital relationship. Present findings
The association between				analogous to Grant & Barling's(1992) study that
economic stress, individual psychological state and				Lower income associated with poorer marital
relationship quality may not be the same for all couples.				functioning and increases family violence (Straus
However, for couples that were observed to have				& Gelles, 1986). Bloom, Niles & Tatcher,
better problem-solving skills in a task, high levels of				1985; Godwin, 1990; Israelen, 1990; Nortarius &
marital conflict did not lead to such high levels of marital				Markman's study (1993) confirmed that financial
dissatisfaction (James, 2009). Blekesaune (2008) used				matters are closely related to family discord, marital
the data from the British Household Panel Survey				problems.
between 1991 and 2005 and found that low income				Another hypothesis of this
increased the risk of partnership dissolution. Similar				study that the "workingwomen are more martially
study In Finland conducted by Kinnunen and Feldt				adjusted as compared to non-working women" was
(2004) concluded husband's unemployment is strongly				proved. The non-working women obtained high score
associated with his marital adjustment. Financial stress				on marital adjustment scale as compared to working
is not, of course, confined to times of recession, but is				women. It shows that their adjustment with their
a continual feature of life for some families. However,				husbands is not good (t=6.381;df=198;p<0.001), Table 3.
in a recession, this is spread more widely (James,				It reveals the significant difference between the marital
2009).				adjustment of working and non-working women.
Conger (1990) proposed that				These two groups are also differ in their mean score
economic hardships and declines in marital satisfaction				as mean score of workingwomen was 247.0
are mediated through economic pressure, which				(SD=27.2) and the mean score of non-working women
produces emotional distress and negative marital				was 272.9 (SD=30.2). So, due to better economic
interaction patterns. Economic hardships engendered				resources working women are martially adjusted and
feelings of economic pressure. This pressure was				nonworking women are martially mal-adjusted.
related to the emotional distress husbands and wives				Maladjustment of non-working women is due to low
felt which, consequently, gave rise to more negatively				economic resources that is similar to Elder (1974) who
and conflict in the marital relationship.				concluded that economic hard times increased rate of
Grant & Barling (1992) has reported that				martial distress and results also conform Blekesaune's
economic factors are responsible increases violence				(2008) study. Present findings coincide with Brody et
within family (Straus & Gelles, 1986; Obradovic				al (1994) who proved that family income was
& Odradovic, (2006).				associated with higher marital happiness and lower
Evidence has suggested that				marital conflict.
people with higher income felt happier, more satisfied				One way of variance (ANOVA)
and adjusted with their lives because higher income				was applied on data to find-out the impact of
could be used to have a better lifestyle through				economic resources. The whole sample was divided in
greater leisure opportunities and improved nutritional				to three groups that were belong to low, middle and
intake, fewer uncertainties, better access to health				higher socio-economic status. Table 4 indicates the
services and improved living environment through				result of one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and
better housing and the ability to move to places that				shows the significant difference among three groups
are more prosperous (Ayub,,& Iqbal, 2009). Social				(f=10.30;df=199;p<0.001). It shows that the subjects
stress research has repeatedly identified low income				who belongs to low-income level (M=45.38;SD=14.11)
and income loss as a major social stressor (Elder,				have to face more economic problems as compared
1974). Much of the marital researches done before				to other groups. The result also reveals that the
1980 identified financial problems as one of the primary				subject who belongs to middle-income level
reasons for couple's marital dissatisfaction and				(M=41.64;SD=15.10) and higher-income level
dissolution (Albrecht, 1979; Levinger, 1976). However,				(M=33.69;SD=11.75) have enough economic resources
although finances remain a potentially problematic issue				to fulfill their needs. The findings by other researches
for couples, but later studies suggest that financial				also confirmed that low income can cause distress in
problems may be less influential than previously				life as Marshal and colleagues (1997) and financial
believed (Andersen, 2000; Kitson & Sussman,				issues within the family or marriages are frequently
1982; Thurnher, Fennnn, Melichar, & Chiriboga, 1983;				reported as a presenting problem. (Daly, 2003; Isareisen
Amato & Rogers, 1997) thus inflating the				& Hatch, 2005 cited in Jorgensen & Butler
perceived importance of financial distress as predictor				2010),low family income has negative influence on
for marital dissolution (Kendal, 2003 cited in Dean, et al				family well-being( Zedlewski,2002).
2005). Money is one of the major causes of frustration				Conclusion
in marriage and family relationships; there is a significant				The main hypothesis of this study was to explore the
relationship between finance and happily married				effect of economic resources on marital adjustment.
relationships. In a study conducted by the Consumer				The present study has identified that working married
Credit Counseling Service of people who came to the				women have better economic resources as
organization for debt or budget counseling, 60 percent				compared to non-working women. Despite of their
of the married respondents reported fighting about				busy routine life they are more martially adjusted as
money with their spouses. (Washburn,Carolyn.,&				compared to non-working.
Christensen2008).				It is concluded that money/income creates the
Marriages stressed by economic				problems in daily life activities and it can effects one's
uncertainties have also been more likely to be				marital adjustment as it is proved in this research.
disrupted (South and Spitz, 1986). Dean (2005)				Couples with better economic resources are martially
explored possible linkages between financial problems				adjusted as compared to those who have limited
and divorce and marital conflict. Many studies has				economic resources. Well-adjusted partners tend to
concluded that couples facing more financial				be more supportive to each other and encounter
obstacles and spending less time together are more at				fewer quarrels.
risk for divorce (Poortman 2005; Cleek &
Pearson, 1985). Sayer concluded that , the transition
to divorce is associated with economic stressors for				References
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The Role of Economic Resources in the Marital Adjustment of Women

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